The landscape of air combat is poised for a significant transformation as the United States and China develop their next-generation fighter jets, specifically the U.S. Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program and China’s J-36. With air warfare evolving rapidly, the anticipated changes promise to redefine strategies, technologies, and the very nature of aerial engagements by 2040.

Historically, air combat has undergone drastic shifts, moving from World War II dogfights to the reliance on beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles during the Gulf War. As technology advanced, the distance at which engagements occur increased dramatically, with modern missiles capable of striking targets over 150 kilometers away. This evolution has rendered traditional dogfights nearly obsolete, as the focus shifts from individual aircraft duels to broader air force strategies.

By 2040, next-generation air combat will likely hinge on the capability of sixth-generation fighters to operate efficiently within a networked aerial environment. The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as wingmen, controlled by manned fighters, will enhance operational flexibility. These drones are expected to operate autonomously with advanced artificial intelligence, allowing human pilots to direct multiple unmanned aircraft during missions. This shift will mark a departure from the current paradigm, where drones are primarily piloted remotely.

Both the U.S. and Chinese forces are expected to employ advanced sensors and stealth technologies in their sixth-generation platforms. The U.S. NGAD program aims to produce aircraft that can evade detection while maintaining a formidable range and firepower. Similarly, China’s J-36 is anticipated to leverage cutting-edge radar and missile technologies, enhancing its capabilities in both offensive and defensive operations. The ability to share real-time data among aircraft will be crucial, enabling coordinated attacks and improved situational awareness across the battlefield.

The design philosophy for these future jets suggests a move away from conventional maneuverability in favor of stealth and sensor technology. This may lead to the adoption of unconventional shapes and materials that minimize radar signatures, further complicating enemy detection efforts. While maneuverability has historically been a priority, the emphasis now lies in maximizing engagement ranges and minimizing exposure to threats.

As both nations advance their air combat capabilities, the concept of air superiority will likely become increasingly intertwined with the effective integration of unmanned systems. The U.S. Air Force has outlined plans for cost-effective, non-stealthy drones that can be produced in large numbers, contrasting with the expensive, stealthy next-generation fighters. This approach suggests a strategic pivot toward overwhelming enemy defenses with sheer numbers, particularly in high-intensity conflicts where attrition rates may be significant.

The anticipated battle between U.S. NGAD and Chinese J-36 platforms may not resemble the dramatic aerial duels of the past but instead could evolve into a complex interplay of sensors, missiles, and networked systems. Future engagements may often occur at considerable distances, with each side leveraging advanced technology to detect and neutralize threats before they come into view. This evolution in air combat dynamics will challenge traditional notions of pilot skill and experience as production capabilities and technological advancements take center stage.

As we look ahead to 2040, the outcome of air conflicts may increasingly depend on which nation can sustain production rates of aircraft, drones, and missiles while maintaining technological superiority. The race for air dominance will likely involve not just the latest fighter jets but also the effective deployment of unmanned systems that can absorb initial engagements, preserving valuable manned assets for more critical roles. In this new paradigm, the air combat of the future may prioritize strategic resource management and technological integration over the classic dogfights of yesteryear.